Set pre-installation ownership and permissions

To set permissions before you install the Magento software:

1. Log in to your Magento server.

2. Use a file manager application provided by your shared hosting provider to verify write permissions are set on the following directories:

   • vendor (Composer or compressed archive installation)
   • app/etc
   • pub/static
   • var
   • generated
   • Any other static resources

3. If you have command-line access, enter the following commands in the order shown:

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   cd <magento_root>
   

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   find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type f -exec chmod u+w {} +
   

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   find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type d -exec chmod u+w {} +
   

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   chmod u+x bin/magento
   

To optionally enter all commands on one line, enter the following assuming Magento is installed in /var/www/html/magento2:

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cd /var/www/html/magento2 && find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type f -exec chmod u+w {} + && find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type d -exec chmod u+w {} + && chmod u+x bin/magento

1. If you have not done so already, get the Magento software in one of the following ways:

   • Composer metapackage
   • Clone the repository (contributing developers only)

2. After you have set file system ownership and permissions, install Magento

To further restrict permissions after installing the Magento software, you configure a Magento umask.

Complete the following tasks in the order shown:

• About the shared group
• Step 1: Create the file system owner and give the user a strong password
• Step 2: Find the web server user’s group
• Step 3: Put the file system owner in the web server’s group
• Step 4: Get the Magento software
• Step 5: Set ownership and permissions for the shared group
• Next step

About the shared group

To enable the web server to write files and directories in the file system but to also maintain ownership by the file system owner, both users must be in the same group. This is necessary so both users can share access to files (including files created using the Admin or other web-based utilities).

This section discusses how to create a new file system owner and put that user in the web server’s group. You can use an existing user account if you wish; we recommend the user have a strong password for security reasons.

Skip to step 2 if you plan on using an existing user account.

Step 1: Create the file system owner and give the user a strong password

This section discusses how to create the file system owner. (file system owner is another term for the command-line user.)

To create a user on CentOS or Ubuntu, enter the following command as a user with root privileges:

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adduser <username>

To give the user a password, enter the following command as a user with root privileges:

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passwd <username>

Follow the prompts on your screen to create a password for the user.

If you don’t have root privileges on your Magento server, you can use another local user account. Make sure the user has a strong password and continue with Put the file system owner in the web server group.

For example, to create a user named magento_user and give the user a password, enter:

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sudo adduser magento_user

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sudo passwd magento_user

Because the point of creating this user is to provide added security, make sure you create a strong password.

Step 2: Find the web server user’s group

To find the web server user’s group:

• CentOS:

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  grep -E -i '^user|^group' /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
  

  or

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  grep -Ei '^user|^group' /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
  

Typically, the user and group name are both apache.

• Ubuntu: ps aux | grep apache to find the apache user, then groups <apache user> to find the group.

Typically, the username and the group name are both www-data.

Step 3: Put the file system owner in the web server’s group

To put the file system owner in the web server’s primary group (assuming the typical Apache group name for CentOS and Ubuntu), enter the following command as a user with root privileges:

• CentOS: usermod -a -G apache <username>
• Ubuntu: usermod -a -G www-data <username>

The -a -G options are important because they add apache or www-data as a secondary group to the user account, which preserves the user’s primary group. Adding a secondary group to a user account helps restrict file ownership and permissions to ensure members of a shared group only have access to certain files.

For example, to add the user magento_user to the apache primary group on CentOS:

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sudo usermod -a -G apache magento_user

To confirm your Magento user is a member of the web server group, enter the following command:

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groups magento_user

The following sample result shows the user’s primary (magento) and secondary (apache) groups.

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magento_user : magento_user apache

Typically, the username and primary group name are the same.

To complete the task, restart the web server:

• Ubuntu: service apache2 restart
• CentOS: service httpd restart

Step 4: Get the Magento software

If you have not done so already, get the Magento software in one of the following ways:

• Composer metapackage
• Clone the repository (contributing developers only)

Step 5: Set ownership and permissions for the shared group

To set ownership and permissions before you install the Magento software:

1. Log in to your Magento server as, or switch to, the file system owner.

2. Enter the following commands in the order shown:

   1
   cd <magento_root>
   

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   find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type f -exec chmod g+w {} +
   

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   find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type d -exec chmod g+ws {} +
   

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   chown -R :<web server group> .
   

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   chmod u+x bin/magento
   

To optionally enter all commands on one line, enter the following assuming Magento is installed in /var/www/html/magento2 and the web server group name is apache:

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cd /var/www/html/magento2 && find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type f -exec chmod g+w {} + && find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type d -exec chmod g+ws {} + && chown -R :apache . && chmod u+x bin/magento

In the event file system permissions are set improperly and can’t be changed by the file system owner, you can enter the command as a user with root privileges:

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cd /var/www/html/magento2 && sudo find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type f -exec chmod g+w {} + && sudo find var generated vendor pub/static pub/media app/etc -type d -exec chmod g+ws {} + && sudo chown -R :apache . && sudo chmod u+x bin/magento

Next step

After you have set file system ownership and permissions, install Magento.